The presentation raises the question of whether it is worth irrigating from an economic or financial point of view. Introduces the concepts of investment and operating costs of irrigation and quantification of the benefits of irrigation. It elaborates several approaches to the financial evaluation of the investment in irrigation. Static approach based on one representative year and static approach based on the entire the investment project lifetime and dynamic approach based on discounting the cash inflow and cash outflow of the entire irrigation investment project. Participants will have the opportunity to do two practical
exercises, one with the application of a static approach to the evaluation of costs and incomes of a project with and without irrigation and the other with discounting the net cashflow of an irrigation investment project over a twenty-year period of its lifetime..

Author Željko Vaško- UNI-BL

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Keyword: agricultural water management, economics, static approach, dynamic approach,
irrigation investment

The presentation deals with drought stress tolerance of North Sea region for blackcurrant cultivars during flower induction and flower initiation and their ability to recover following
drought stress. The main focus was on water use efficiency studied on four different blackcurrant cultivars. This was investigated by looking at plant water relations, flowering, root growth, and gene expression. Therefore, the presentation deals with the physiological and molecular responses of blackcurrants to drought stress. The virtual laboratory served to explain to the students the most important measurements in the phenotyping activities, for plant physiological response to drought stress through work in greenhouse conditions and molecular response through sampling in greenhouse and work in laboratory.

AuthorNataša Čereković  UNI-BL

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Keyword: drought stress, blackcurrant, water use efficiency, physiological response, molecular
response

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges to agricultural production and food security. Thus, the main emission scenarios are presented, the GCM and RCM climate models are described, and the use of climate change scenarios data in impact studies is addressed. The main methodologies for climate change impacts assessment and the definition of adaptation measures are presented. Finally, some examples of impact studies for maize carried out in southern Portugal are presented.

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Author: João Rolim – ISA

Keywords: climate change, emission scenarios; climate models, impacts assessment, adaptation
measures, Portugal.

This presentation aims to explain, in a practical way, how future climate series can be created from the available data in DOI: 10.24381/cds.bc91edc3 and how the impacts of climate change can be assessed through modeling. In this presentation a soil water balance model – ISAREG – is used as an example. To conclude, adaptation measures that should be studied in this context are presented.

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Author: Daniela Soares – ISA

Keywords: climate change, climate scenarios, soil-water-balance model, ISAREG; adaptation measures

Coping with climate change impacts on rainfed maize in BiH can benefit from the analysis undergoing for Portuguese conditions and some of the irrigation practices used in Portugal can be adopted as an adaptation measure for BiH. Other measures can focus on strategies addressing new varieties, different crop cycles and agronomic practices.“

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Author: Teresa A. Paço – ISA

Keywords: climate change, rainfed agriculture, maize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal,
adaptation measures

The lecture will start with a discussion on the different purposes used to build meteorological networks. The lecture will then focus on agrometeorological networks, mostly applied to assess farmers on crop water requirements. The discussion will lead to the pioneer network in the world: CIMIS in California. The lecture will become practical, since the CIMIS portal will be explored together with the students, discussing CIMIS accomplishments, identifying stations and gathering data. The lecture will then move on to the SIAR network in Spain. A similar approach will be used, presenting the portal and exploring it with the students. The lecture will be completed with a practicum in which students will be asked to retrieve CIMIS data from two locations in California, and to compare the results.

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Author: Enrique Playán – CSIC

Keywords:agrometeorological networks, crop water requirements, CIMIS, SIAR, UAVs

Agriculture 4.0 is transforming agriculture by integrating digital technologies and data-driven solutions to boost production, optimize the use of resources, and enhance sustainability. In this context, water productivity plays a crucial role, especially in the Mediterranean region, where the scarcity of water, variability in climatic conditions, and soil degradation pose significant obstacles to crop production. The presentation introduces the Bluleaf® digital platform, a cloudbased Decision Support System (DSS) specifically designed for irrigation management and optimization. Participants will learn about the various applications of Bluleaf® for enhancing water productivity.

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Author: Giulio D’ Amato – SYS

Keywords: Agriculture 4.0, digital technologies, data-driven solutions, Decision Support System, Bluleaf®

Remote sensing involves detecting and monitoring the physical features of an area by measuring reflected and emitted radiation from a distance (usually from satellites or drones). Special cameras are used to capture remote sensing images that help researchers „sense“ things on Earth. The application of remote sensing in agriculture can support the development of agricultural practices in the face of various challenges by providing information about the condition of crops at different levels throughout the season. For this experiment, we used images from Sentinel 2 taken during the growing season of corn. The images were downloaded from the Copernicus open-source hub (free of charge) and analysed using the programs ESA SNAP and QGIS software. Some vegetation indices were measured on the ground and compared with the values obtained from the satellite images. Some of them are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Basal Crop Coefficient (Kcb). The results show that satellite imagery can be used for these purposes with the help of a correction factor.

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Author: Zuhdija Omerović – UNSA

Keywords: climate change, emission scenarios; climate models, impacts assessment, adaptation
measures, Portugal.

In this presentation, the analysis of water consumption for maize evapotranspiration (ETm), indirect methods were compared using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients (Kc) with calculation bioclimatic procedure using hydrophytothermal indices. Reference evapotranspiration it was calculated using the Hargreaves method used by the Republic of Srpska Hydrometeorological Institute. An experiment with maize irrigation using drip was carried out in 2017 on the experimental field of the economy of the Agricultural Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka on three different hybrids: BL 43, NS-4030 (FAO 400) and NS 6030 (FAO 660). The differences in the values of water used for maize evapotranspiration (ETm) were calculated. Achieved yields of maize within the same and different FAO ripening group, provide information on the considerable influence of genotype and adaptability of the selected hybrids to habitat conditions, so research needs to be continued and expanded in order to be able to recommend the most suitable hybrid within the defined FAO ripening group.

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Author:Dejan Simić – Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska

Keywords: maize, evapotranspiration, hydrophytothermal indices, genotype, adaptability

Agricultural production in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in the last few years has been facing many different problems such as lack of qualified labour, insufficient investment in agriculture, obsolescence of agricultural systems, uncontrolled use of resources (water, fertilizers, and energy) as well as increasing difficulties related to climate change and agroecology (temperature/precipitation extremes, drought, floods and intensive degradation of agricultural land and water resources). Furthermore, agricultural systems in BiH are such that there is no precise assessment of inputs and outputs for the successful production of many crops (including maize and other cereals), and the lack of relevant research data on this topic is present. Furthermore, in BiH, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Cost (LCC), eco-efficiency concept, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are rarely used in crop production. Alternatively, no studies on how irrigation can reduce the impact of crop water stress on maize biomass and yield in different pedo-climatic regions of BiH. A detailed inventory of inputs and outputs in maize production in BiH is lacking and through this research the first time such a research will be performed.

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Author: Ivana Mitrović – UNI-BL

Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Cost, eco-efficiency concept, Life Cycle Assessment

The focus point of this presentation centres around a comprehensive analysis of climate change impact on evapotranspiration, irrigation requirements, and crop yield within the specific pedoclimatic conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Firstly, the study’s objectives are presented, involving the assessment of climate change effects on agricultural water management, crop growth, trend analysis of key weather parameters, and proposition of adaptation measures. The presentation continues by introducing the study location, offering general information, and explaining the reason behind selecting the regions of Bihac, Livno, and Tuzla for this study. Furthermore, the agricultural sector and the specific crops chosen for examination are discussed. Key findings from the literature review relevant to the study are presented, followed by the problem statement that presents the necessity of this study. Furthermore, the attained results and the utilized methodology are explained, encompassing the observed changes in mean monthly and annual air temperature, precipitation, and humidity, insolation, and wind speed parameters for the three chosen study locations. At the end, outlining the forthcoming tasks and the current status of the study. The methodology used to obtain forthcoming results is explained, with the aim of identifying changes in stress levels, evapotranspiration, irrigation requirements, net irrigation requirements, and growing degree days.

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Author: Alen Pavlović – CIHEAM-IAMB

Keywords: climate change, evapotranspiration, irrigation requirements, crop yield